Guidance Documents / Research

Relevant links include:

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Terra Systems
Terra Systems, Inc. (TSI) offers a full range of bioremediation products for the remediation of groundwater and soil contaminants to the environmental engineering community. TSI scientists have been pioneering in situ bioremediation technology for over 30 years and continue to develop cutting edge biological based technologies for solving complex remediation issues.

For Injection Services:

ARS Technologies Inc.,
The environmental industry's leading zero-valent iron injection company. Visit their web site at www.arstechnologies.com to learn more about their innovative approach to injecting insitu treatment chemicals into the subsurface. Technologies include Pneumatic Fracturing, Atomized Liquids Injection, Zero Valent Iron (Ferox) & Chemical Oxidation.

Other links include:

Naval Facilities Engineering Command - Cost and Performance Report, Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron Technologies for Source Remediation


Center for Ground Water Research - Zero Valent Iron (ZVI)


Remediation Technologies Development Forum - Permeable Reactive Barriers Action Team




Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council - Permeable Reactive Barriers Documents




EnviroMetal Technologies Inc. (ETI)
World leader in applications of permeable reactive barrier (PRB) technology for the remediation of contaminated groundwater, with experience all over the world


Publications and Presentations:

  1. Omar Richard Harvey, Assessing the Potential of Zero-valent Iron to reduce Nitrate Mobility in Soils
  2. Bond, D.L. Fendorf, S. (2003) Kinetics and Structural Constraints of Chromate Reduction by Green Rusts, Environ. Sci. Technol. Vol. 37, No. 12, 2003
    http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/esthag/2003/37/i12/abs/es026341p.html
  3. Gheorghiu, F. Walata, L. Venkatakrishnan, R. Zhang, W. Glazier, R.E. Field Testing of Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron Particle Technology for In-Situ Groundwater Treatment in Fractured Bedrock.
  4. Johnson, T.L. Tratnyek, P.G. A Column Study of Geochemical Factors Affecting Reductive Dechlorination of Chlorinated Solvents by Zero-Valent Iron.
  5. Klausen, J. Vikesland, P.J. Kohn, T. Burris, D.R. Ball, W.P. Lynn Roberts, A. (2003) Longevity of Granular Iron in Groundwater Treatment Processes: Solution Composition Effects on Reduction of Organohalides and Nitroaromatic Compounds, Environ. Sci. Technol. Vol.37, No. 6, 2003
    http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/esthag/2003/37/i06/abs/es025965s.html
  6. Loraine, G.A. Burris, D.R. Li, L. Schoolfield, J. (2002) Mass Transfer Effects on Kinetics of Dibromoethane Reduction by Zero-Valent Iron in Packed-Bed Reactors, Journal of Environmental Engineering, January 2002.
  7. Lee, W. Batchelor, B. (2002) Abiotic Reductive Dechlorination of Chlorinated Ethylenes by Iron-Bearing Soil Minerals. 2. Green Rust, Environ. Sci. Technol. Vol. 36, No. 24, 2002 http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/esthag/2002/36/i24/abs/es0258374.html
  8. Lowry, G.V. Johnson, K.M. (2004) Congener-Specific Dechlorination of Dissolved PCBs by Microscale and Nanoscale Zerovalent Iron in a Water/Methanol Solution, Environ. Sci. Technol. Vol. 38, No. 19, 2004
    http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/esthag/2004/38/i19/abs/es049835q.html
  9. O’Loughlin, E.J. Burris, D.R. (2003) Reduction of Halogenated Ethanes by Green Rust, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Vol. 23, No. 1, 2004
  10. Powell, R.M. Puls, R.W. Hightower, S.K. Sabatini, D.A. (1995) Coupled Iron Corrosion and Chromate Reduction: Mechanisms for Subsurface Remediation, Environ. Sci. Technol. Vol. 29, No. 8, 1995
    http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/archive.cgi/esthag/1995/29/i08/pdf/es00008a008.pdf
  11. Satapanajaru, T. Shea, P.J. Comfort, S.D. Yul Roh (2003) Green Rust and Iron Oxide Formation Influences Metolachlor Dechlorination during Zerovalent Iron Treatment, Environ. Sci. Technol. Vol. 37, No. 22, 2003
    http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/esthag/2003/37/i22/abs/es0303485.html
  12. Seok-Young OH, Cha, D.K., Pei C. Chiu (2002) Graphite-Mediated Reduction of 2, 4-Dinitrotoluene with Elemental Iron, Environ. Sci.Technol. Vol. 36, No.10, 2002 http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/esthag/2002/36/i10/abs/es011474g.html
  13. Schaefer, C. Fuller, M. Hatzinger, P. Condee, C. Steffan, R. Experimental Evaluation of Biotic & Abiotic Treatment of Energetic Compounds.
  14. Sung Hee Joo, Andrew J. Feitz, and T. David Waite (2004) Oxidative Degradation of the Carbothioate Herbicide, Molinate, Using Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron, Environ. Sci. Technol. Vol.38, No.7, 2004
    http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/esthag/2004/38/i07/abs/es035157g.html
  15. Tong, Shao-ping, Wei, Hong, Ma Chun-an, Liu Wei-ping (2005) Rapid dechlorination of chlorinated organic compounds by nickel/iron bimetallic system in water.